OCR A Level PE revision notes - Contemporary Issues in Sport

Ethics

Antwoord: rules that dictate an individual’s conducts.

Deviance

Antwoord: unacceptable behaviour within a culture which differs from perceived social or legal norms. For example, violence and gambling.

Types of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs)

Antwoord: • Anabolic steroids – resembles natural testosterone hormone. • Beta blockers – slowed heart rate • Stimulants – increased awareness. • Diuretics – urination of illegal substances out of body • Masking agents – to disguise illegal substances in body. • Peptide hormones – stimulate muscular growth and repair.

Types of Performance Enhancing Methods

Antwoord: • Blood doping • Gene doping • Oxygen transport enhancement

Legal substances for enhancing performance

Antwoord: • Bicarbonate • Creatine • Nitrate • Caffeine

Commercialisation

Antwoord: process of managing or running something for financial gain e.g. USA for LA 1984 Olympics

Factors of commercialisation

Antwoord: 1. Increased media presence – more media = more exposure of brand as well as sport. 2. Freedom of movement – players and spectators can travel abroad. 3. Increased sponsorships of professional teams/athletes. 4. Growth in media types = more exposure of sponsors on different platforms. 5. Increased commercial opportunities = more advertising to use to sell companies and brands.

Case study of commercialisation – Sport England 2015

Antwoord: • More people play sport once a week. • March 2005/6 – 14.1 million 16+ year olds played sport once a week. • March 2015 – 15.5 million 16+ year olds played sport once a week. • Men = 40.6%, Women = 30.7% played sport once a week. • 16-25 year olds = 54.8%, 26+ years old = 31.9% • Disabled participation in sport increased from 15.1% (2005/6) to 17.2% (2015). • More managerial workers take part than manual workers. • High increase in participation due to commercialisation.

Positive social effects of commercialisation

Antwoord: 1. Increased entertainment therefore happy society, more sponsored playback screens = more excitement for an audience. 2. Increased access to sport = society can share pride.

Negative social effects of commercialisation

Antwoord: 1. Armchair spectating encouraged. 2. loss of sporting tradition 3. cost to watch sports on TV is expensive 4. Economic benefits only felt by larger sporting companies.

Participation pyramid

Antwoord: 1. School competition 2. Local competition 3. Regional competition 4. National competition 5. Elite competition

Roles of UK Sport

Antwoord: 1. Manage funding from national lottery. 2. Runs the World Class Programme. 3. Development of the English Institute of Sport. 4. Co-ordinates programmes to attract major sporting events. 5. Runs a world class coaching strategy.

Aims of UK Sport

Antwoord: 1. Identify potential talents. 2. Support athlete lifestyle. 3. Support coaching. 4. Support through research, medicine by EIS. 5. Provide World Class Programme.

How does UK Sport use its income?

Antwoord: 1. UK Sport provides funding for sporting NGBs e.g. LTA enabling the World Class Programme to go ahead and ensuring athletes have the correct support. 2. Athletic Performance Awards are also provided through the national lottery via UK Sport, this funds the athlete lifestyle. 3. UK Sport has an annual investment of £100 million, 1300 of the UK’s leading athletes benefit from this investment. 4. This investment guarantees: a) coaching, training and competition support, b) technology and scientific service, c) access to top facilities and d) acclimatisation training. 5. Podium level - £30000-60000 per athlete support, podium potential - £23000-40000 per athlete support.

UK Sport case study – British Skeleton athletes

Antwoord: 1. Skeleton went from unknown sport to a higher quality sport; 2. it received £2.1 million core lottery funding from UK Sport between 2006 and 2010. 3. Funding was also provided for talent ID and high quality sport and medical sciences, 4. 13 different athletes on the World Class Programme won 76 different medals between 2006 and 2010.

Modern technology has many effects on...

Antwoord: 1. General participation in sport 2. Fair play in sport 3. Elite performance 4. Entertainment in sport

Positive effects of modern technology on general participation

Antwoord: 1. More access to new sports such as Padel Tennis. 2. Development of Prosthetics – allows more disability participation. 3. Fun – Sports are easier to learn therefore more enjoyable. 4. Safer – stair lifts, ramps in swimming pools for people with less mobility. 5. Better facilities – attracts more members therefore more participation.

Negative effects of modern technology on general participation

Antwoord: 1. Facilities are expensive. 2. Not all sports are so disability friendly. 3. Not all places have the best facilities. 4. Sports gaming has decreased real life sport participation. 5. Only Sponsors have access to high quality technology.

Positive effects of modern technology on entertainment

Antwoord: 1. Standard of play is better therefore more viewers. 2. Sport is accessible 24/7 via different media platforms. 3. Technology can educate others about sport playing sports more intriguing. 4. Fair play systems e.g. VAR and Hawkeye

Negative effects of modern technology on entertainment

Antwoord: 1. Play is hardly constant – interruptions from ads and instant replays disrupt the game time. 2. Viewers don’t always agree with pundits, can decrease interest if they don’t like the pundits. 3. Technology can sometimes be faulty therefore game delay or disruption occurs. 4. Armchair spectating increases therefore less people are actively going to matches.